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part of speech
A part of speech is a category of words (or, more generally, of lexical items) which have similar grammatical properties. Words that are assigned to the same part of speech generally display similar behavior in terms of syntax—they play similar roles within the grammatical structure of sentences—and sometimes in terms of morphology, in that they undergo inflection for similar properties. Commonly listed English parts of speech are ''noun'', ''verb'', ''adjective'', ''adverb'', ''pronoun'', ''preposition'', ''conjunction'', ''interjection'', and sometimes ''numeral'', ''article'' or ''determiner''.
A part of speech – particularly in more modern classifications, which often make more precise distinctions than the traditional scheme does – may also be called a word class, lexical class, or lexical category, although the term ''lexical category'' refers in some contexts to a particular type of syntactic category, and may thus exclude parts of speech that are considered to be functional, such as pronouns. The term form class is also used, although this has various conflicting definitions.〔John Lyons, ''Semantics'', CUP 1977, p. 424.〕 Word classes may be classified as open or closed: ''open classes'' (like nouns, verbs and adjectives) acquire new members constantly, while ''closed classes'' (such as pronouns and conjunctions) acquire new members infrequently, if at all.
Almost all languages have the word classes ''noun'' and ''verb'', but beyond these there are significant variations in different languages. For example, Japanese has as many as three classes of adjectives where English has one; Chinese, Korean and Japanese have a class of nominal classifiers; many languages lack a distinction between adjectives and adverbs, or between adjectives and verbs (see stative verbs). This variation in the number of categories and their identifying properties means that analysis needs to be done for each individual language. Nevertheless, the labels for each category are assigned on the basis of universal criteria.〔
==History==
The classification of words into lexical categories is found from the earliest moments in the history of linguistics.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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